In this article we introduce the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE): both a challenge problem and a platform and methodology for evaluating the development of general, domain-independent AI technology. ALE provides an interface to hundreds of Atari 2600 game environments, each one different, interesting, and designed to be a challenge for human players. ALE presents significant research challenges for reinforcement learning, model learning, model-based planning, imitation learning, transfer learning, and intrinsic motivation. Most importantly, it provides a rigorous testbed for evaluating and comparing approaches to these problems. We illustrate the promise of ALE by developing and benchmarking domain-independent agents designed using well-established AI techniques for both reinforcement learning and planning. In doing so, we also propose an evaluation methodology made possible by ALE, reporting empirical results on over 55 different games. All of the software, including the benchmark agents, is publicly available.

学习表达性分子表示对于促进分子特性的准确预测至关重要。尽管图形神经网络（GNNS）在分子表示学习中取得了显着进步，但它们通常面临诸如邻居探索，不足，过度光滑和过度阵列之类的局限性。同样，由于参数数量大，GNN通常具有较高的计算复杂性。通常，当面对相对大尺寸的图形或使用更深的GNN模型体系结构时，这种限制会出现或增加。克服这些问题的一个想法是将分子图简化为小型，丰富且有益的信息，这更有效，更具挑战性的培训GNN。为此，我们提出了一个新颖的分子图粗化框架，名为FUNQG利用函数组，作为分子的有影响力的构件来确定其性质，基于称为商图的图理论概念。通过实验，我们表明所产生的信息图比分子图小得多，因此是训练GNN的良好候选者。我们将FUNQG应用于流行的分子属性预测基准，然后比较所获得的数据集上的GNN体系结构的性能与原始数据集上的几个最先进的基线。通过实验，除了其参数数量和低计算复杂性的急剧减少之外，该方法除了其急剧减少之外，在各种数据集上的表现显着优于先前的基准。因此，FUNQG可以用作解决分子表示学习问题的简单，成本效益且可靠的方法。